خصائص الدولة بحث كامل

<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"> <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">مقدمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تشكل الدولة ابرز ظاهرة في الحياة الاجتماعية ، فهي عبارة عن مؤسسة سياسية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ذات سلطة ملزمة في إقليم معية على الشعب المكون لها ، فما قمنا بصدد ذكره يمثل</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أركان الدولة فلا تقوم أي دولة إلا بها ، إضافة إلى ذلك فلكل دولة خصائص تميزها عن</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">باقي الدول الأخرى، و لقد كتب في ذلك أو في هذا الموضوع الكثير نظرا لأهميته ، و من</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">خلال قراءتنا للمراجع المتحصل عليها قمنا بتسطير خطة سنقوم من خلالها البحث ما هي</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">هذه الخصائص</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">؟</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">خطة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">البحث</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">مقدمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث الأول : الشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الأول</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المقصود بالشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : إنكار الشخصية المعنوية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : تأيد الشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : نتائج</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : وحدة الدولة و استمرارها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الثاني : الذمة المالية للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث : المساواة بين الدول</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الأول : السيادة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الأول : مفهوم السيادة للدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : المقصود</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">بسيادة الدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : خصائص سيادة الدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث: مظاهر</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السيادة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : نظريات سيادة في الدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : نظرية سيادة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الحاكم</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : نظرية سيادة الأمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث : نظرية سيادة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الشعب</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث الثالث : خضوع الدولة للقانون</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الأول : التطور التاريخي</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لخضوع الدولة للقانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : النظريات الفلسفية لدولة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثالث : المبادئ الوضعية التي تقوم عليها دولة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث الأول : الشخصية المعنوية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>la personne morale<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تتمتع الدولة بالشخصية المعنوية أو القانونية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الأول : المقصود</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">بالشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الشخص المعنوي هو شخص قانوني متمتز على الآدميين بأنه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">قادر على اكتساب الحقوق وتحمل الالتزامات</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و يقصد بالشخصية المعنوية للدولة،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أهلية الدولة لاكتساب الحقوق و التحمل بالالتزامات التي يفرضها القانون، بمعنى</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أهلية الوجوب و أهلية الأداء. 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و هذا يعني أن شخصيتها منفصلة عن شخصيات</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الأفراد المكونين للدولة سواء الذين يمارسون السلطة و الحكم فيها أو المحكومين و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">هذا ما دفع بعض الفقهاء إلى تعريف الدولة بأنها تشخيص القانوني للأمة . 2</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و لقد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ذهب بعض الفقهاء إلى إنكار الشخصية للدولة و البض الآخر إلى إثباتها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الأول : إنكار الشخصية المعنوية للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">يذهب أصحاب هذا الفريق إلى إنكار الشخصية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المعنوية للدولة لأنهم يعتبرون الدولة على أنها ظاهرة اجتماعية موجودة بانقسام</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">فئتين حاكمة و محكومة و فالفئة الأولى هي التي تضع القوانين و الثانية تخضع لتلك</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القوانين و لسلطتها 3</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. عمر سعد الله، د. أحمد بن ناصر ، قانون</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المجتمع الدولي المعاصر، الطبعة الثالثة 2005، ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية، الجزائر ص</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>95<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. سعيد بوالشعير ، القانون الدستوري و النظم السياسية المقارنة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الجزء الأول ، الطبعة السابعة 2005، ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية، الجزائر ص 94</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفس، ص 95</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و منهم من ذهب إلى القول (جيز</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>G Jeze)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنه لم يتناول</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">طعامه مع شخص معنوي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>je n’ai jamais déjeuné avec une personne morale<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و أما</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>G.Scello<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">فإنه يرى أن الدولة مجرد جهاز المرافق يعمل في خدمة الجماعة ، و كذلك</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">النمساوي كلسن الذي يرى أن الدولة مجموعة من القواعد القانونية الآمرة، و بالتالي</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">يرفض كل من هؤلاء الفقهاء فكرة الشخصية المعنوية للدولة 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و منهم أيضا من يرى و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">على رئسهم (روزنبرج) أن الشعب محور النظام السياسي و ، ذلك أنه هو الذي ينشئ الدولة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ويفرض القانون و يمنح السلطة الفوهرر</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Fûhrer<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">رمز الحدة العرقية الذي يقود المجتمع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">إلى مثله الأعلى المتمثل في السواد الجنس الآري 2،و أما الماركسية يرون أن الدولة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">هي جهاز يخدم الطبقة المستغلة و إجبار الطبقة الكادحة على قبول المر الواقع و هذا</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">كله ما هو إلى حيلة 3 و بالتالي هذا الفريق أيضا يرفض الفقهاء فكرة الشخصية</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المعنوية للدولة بحجة أن الطبقية و الاستبداد الطبقة الحاكم على المحكومة و لكن</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">العيب في الأشخاص و ليس في الفكرة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : تأيد الشخصية المعنوية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">يعترف الكثير من الفقهاء بالشخصية المعنوية للدولة مثلها مثل المنضمات و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الجمعيات و المؤسسات ... و منه فتمتع الدولة للشخصية المعنوية يمنحها القدرة على</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التمتع بالحقوق و التحمل بالالتزامات بموجب القانون الوضعي 4</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">د. فوزي أوصديق، الوسيط في النظم السياسية القانون الدستوري القسم الأول النظرية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">العامة للدولة، طبعة 2000، دار الكتاب الحديث، الجزائر ص 147</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. سعيد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">بوالشعير المرجع السابق، ص 96</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، ، المرجع السابق ،ص</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>148<br />4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. سعيد بوالشعير ، المرجع السابق، ص 97</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و بالتالي فكرة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الشخصية المعنوية يترتب عنها نتائج و هي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : نتائج الشخصية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المعنوية للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : وحدة الدولة و استمرارها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">حيث تعتبر الدولة و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">حدة قانونية مستقلة و متميزة عن الأفراد المكونين لها و يترتب على ذلك الدوام</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">والاستمرار أي أن زوال الأفراد لا يؤثر في بقائها بمعنى أن الدولة لا تزل بزوال</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الأشخاص ،و كذلك فالمعاهدات والاتفاقيات التي أبرمتها الدولة ، تبقى نافذة مهما</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تغير شكل الدولة أو نظام الحكم فيها ،و تبقى التشريعات سارية في حالة تغيير شكل</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدولة أو نظام الحكم فيها أو القائمين عليها ما لم تعدل هذه التشريعات أو تلغ</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : الذمة المالية للدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تتمتع الدولة بذمة مالية حيث عليها</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التزامات و حقوق مالية منفصلة عن ذمة الأعضاء المكونين و المسيرين لها و الأشخاص</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الحاكمين فهم يتصرف باسمها و لحسابها فقط 2</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث : المساواة بين</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدول</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">بما أن كل دولة لها شخصيها المعنوية فإن الدول متساوية فيما بينها إلا أن</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">هناك بعض العوامل الأخرى تحول دون تحقيق هذه المساواة 3</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">د. سعيد بوالشعير ، المرجع السابق، ص 98</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، و الصفحة نفسها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، و الصفحة نفسها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث الثاني : السيادة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>La Souveraineté</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">إضافتا إلى الشخصية المعنوية للدولة هناك خاصية السيادة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الأول : مفهوم السيادة للدولة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : المقصود بسيادة الدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">معنى كلمت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السيادة اللغوي " الأعلى" 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">لقد اتخذت السيادة في البداية مفهوما سياسيا ثم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">قانوننا، و لقد عرفها الفقيه جون بودان (1530-1596) بالاستقلال المطلق و عدم</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التبعية سواء في الداخل أو الخارج ، و كان الهدف آنذاك و خاصة في فرنسا هو تحقيق</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الاستقلالية من الكنيسة و الإمبراطورية من جهة كذالك ، أما المفهوم القانوني</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">للسيادة فيعني ملك السلطات الحكومية و ممارستها من قبل الدولة 2 ، تعرق كذلك بأنها</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المباشرة الداخلية و الخارجية لاختصاصات السلطة الحاكمة 3</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">خصائص سيادة الدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">للسيادة خصائص هي</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أولا: سلطة شاملة و قائمة على أساس</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانون لأنها تسمح للقائمين على الحكم بسن قواعد قانونية ملزمة 4 و تطبق على جميع</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الموطنين</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ثانيا: سلطة أصلية ذاتية و لا تخضع لأي سلطة أخرى مهما كانت5 ولا يمكن</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التنازل عنها و لا يمكن تجزئتها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، المرجع السابق، ص</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>148<br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، الوجيز في القانون الدستوري، طبعة 2003، دار</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">العلوم للنشر و التوزيع، عنابة الجزائر، ص 51</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. عمر سعد الله، د. أحمد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">بن ناصر ، المرجع السابق ، ص 81</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق، ص</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>52<br />5<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، و الصفحة نفسها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ثالثا: سلطة عليا و مطلقة و لا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">توجد سلطة أخرى مساوية أو اعلي منها 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث: مظاهر السيادة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أولا</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السيادة القانون و السيادة السياسية 2</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />1.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السيادة القانونية معناها سلطة الدولة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">في إصدار القوانين و تنفيذها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />2.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السيادة السياسية فالشعب هو صاحب السيادة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السياسية و هو الذي يتولى اختيار المسيرين للدولة و ممارسة السيادة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانونية</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ثانيا: السلطة الداخلية و السلطة الخارجية 3</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />1.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السلطة الداخلية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">وهو أن تبسط السلطة السياسية سلطاتها على إقليم الدولة. بحيث تكون هي السلطة الآمرة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التي تتمتع بالقرار النهائي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<br />2.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السلطة الخارجية يعني استقلالية الدولة وعدم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">خضوعها لدولة أخرى</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السابق، ص 52</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، ، المرجع السابق ،ص 156</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المرجع نفسه، ص 157</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : نظريات سيادة في الدولة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أي من هو صاحب</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السيادة في الواقع ؟ وللإجابة على هذا الإشكال ظهرة عدة اتجاهات</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">نظرية سيادة الحاكم</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">حتى أواخر القرن<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>18 م<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>كان يعتقد بأن السيادة تعود للحاكم</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الملك)و هي سيادة مطلقة و ساد الخلط آنذاك بين السلطة السياسية و شخص الملك و بعد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ظهور المبادئ الديمقراطية في العصر الحديث انقسم الفقهاء إلى اتجاهين ،اتجاه يحدد</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">صاحب السيادة في الأمة و اتجاه يحدد صاحب السيادة في الشعب1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">نظرية سيادة الأمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">هذه النظرية تعتبر أن السيادة ليست للحاكم و إنما للأمة 2</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تنتسب نظرية سيادة الأمة إلى جون جاك روسو في كتابه الشهير "العقد الاجتماعي" على</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">مبدأ سيادة الإرادة العامة التي نشأت بالعقد الاجتماعي و هذه الإرادة العامة ليست</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">حاصل جمع الإرادات الجزئية للأفراد و لكن إرادة الكائن الجماعي قيل بأن السيادة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">وحدة واحدة لا تتجزأ أو غير قابلة للتصرف فيها أو التنازل عنها فهي ملك الأمة وحدها</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">، وقد اعتنقت الثورة الفرنسية هذه الفكرة و حولتها إلى مبدأ دستوري إذ نص إعلان</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">حقوق الإنسان و المواطن سنة 1789 على أن الأمة مصدر كل سيادة3 ، و يترتب على هذه</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">النظرية نتائج منها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق، ص 53</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. سعيد بوالشعير المرجع السابق، ص 106</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، ،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المرجع السابق ،ص 158 إلى غاية 161</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br />1.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تنج النظام النيابي التقليدي و هذا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">عند الأحد بعدم التجزئة السيادة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<br />2.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الانتخاب وظيفة وليس حقا و الأخذ بالاقتراع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المقيد</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.<br />3.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">النائب ممثل للأمة و التنكر لمفهوم الوكالة الإلزامية . 1</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و لقد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تم نقد هذه النظرية و منها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">إن اعتبار الأمة وحدة واحدة مستقلة عن أفرادها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المكونين لها يؤدي لاعتراف لها بالشخصية المعنوية وبالتالي إلى قيام شخصين معنويين</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">يتشاركان على إقليم واحد وهما الدولة والأمة</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.<br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الأخذ بنظرية سيادة الأمة يؤدي</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">إلى الاستبداد لأن السيادة مطلقة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">إن مبدأ سيادة الأمة استنفذ أغراضه لا توجد</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">حاجة في الوقت الحاضر للأخذ بهذه النظرية 2</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثالث : نظرية سيادة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الشعب</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تعترف هذه النضرية بالسيادة للشعب باعتباره مكون من أفراد ولدوا أحرار و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">متساوين بحيث تنقسم بينهم السيادة و يشكل متساوي و يقصد هنا الشعب السياسي و ليس</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الاجتماعي . 3</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و من النتائج المترتبة علي سيادة الشعب</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الانتخاب حق و ليس</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">وضيفة لأن المواطن له جزء من السيادة و هو حق عام لكل الشعب</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السياسي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، ، المرجع السابق ،ص 162 ،</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>163<br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق، ص 54</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الصفحة نفسها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تتناسب هذه النظرية مع الديمقراطية المباشرة على عكس نظرية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">سيادة الأمة التي تتناسب مع الديمقراطية النيابية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و أنها لا تتماشى إلى مع</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">النظام الجمهوري</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">القانون وفقا لنظرية سيادة الشعب يعد تعبير عن إرادة الأغلبية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و على القلية الإذعان له. 3</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و تنقد هذه النظرية على النحو التالي</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أن</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الناخبون ليسوا دائما على صواب و الأفراد لهم بحق عزل النائب في حالة التعارض مع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">مصالحهم</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">تجزئة السيادة لا تمنع من تعسف السلطات الحاكمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">لقد أصبحا</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ü</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الاقتراع في أغلب الدول حقا و ليس وضيفتا و عاما وليس مقيدا و منه التعارض أصبح</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">نظريا فقط 4</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أوصديق، ، المرجع السابق ،ص 162 ، 163</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ص 54</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، و الصفحة نفسها</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ص55</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المبحث الثالث : خضوع الدولة للقانون</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">la Soumission de l’Etat à la loi<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">لقد أصبح خضوع الدولة للقانون خاصية تميز الدول الحديثة مبدأ من المبادئ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدستورية</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الأول: التطور التاريخي لخضوع الدولة للقانون</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">مرت على</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدولة مراحل زمنية، كان الخضوع للقانون فيها مختلف عن الآخر حيث كانت تخضع لسلطت</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الحكم و كانت سلطته مطلقة لكن بعد ظهور المسيحية (النصرانية) كانت البداية و لقد</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أعطت هذه الأخيرة و سمحت ببعض الحريات كحرية العقيدة ، و قلصت مهام الملك أو</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السلطان خاصة في ما يخص الأمور الدينية ، لكن رغم هذا في هذه الفترة لم تكن الدولة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تخضع للقانون خضوعا عادل و منصف بل كانت تخضع لهوى الحاكم و رغبته ، أثناء هذه</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الفترة وقبل النهضة الأوربية ظهر الإسلام ، كانت الدول الإسلامية كانت تخضع للقانون</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">، فالفرد كانت له حقوق عليه واجبات و كان الحكم (الخليفة) يخضع للقانون مثله مثل أي</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">فرد و كان يعمل على تطيق الشريعة الإسلامية حيث كان القضاء في تلك الفترة منفصل عن</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">سلطته فكان مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات قائما بذاته1 ، و بعد ذلك و خاصة في القرن (16</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">السادس عشر و بالتحديد بعد ظهور المذهب البروتستانتي في أوربا - الذي كان يعيش في</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">جهل و تخلف - التي سمح بظهور أفكار تقوم على مطالبة بحقوق الأفراد و حرياتهم و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تخلصوا من فكرة أن السيادة أنها فكرة دينية ، و بعدها و القرن السابع عشر وخاصة بعد</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ظهور فكرة أن الشعب صاحب السيادة في الدولة ، و وقوع عددت ثورات و خاصة الثورة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الفرنسية مما سمح ب انتشار الأنظمة الديمقراطية و إقرار مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">استقلال القضاء و خضوع الحاكم و كل الأفراد الدولة لذلك 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">فوزي أوصديق، المرجع السابق ،ص 178</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : النظريات الفلسفية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لدولة القانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : نظرية القانون الطبيعي</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">هناك قانون طبيعي يسمو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">على الجميع التي يجب أن تحكم السلوك البشري ، لأنها منبثقة عن طبيعة الإنسان</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">باعتباره كائن عاقل و هذا القانون يعد سابق على دولة فهو قيد الحاكم الذين عليم</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الالتزام به و بعد أن يستخلصه العقل البشري و يصوغ القوانين الوضعية على ضوئها ، و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لقد سادت هذه النظرية عند الإغريق و الرمان ثم ازدهرت في القرن 17م إلى القرن 19م و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تنقد هذه النظرية بسبب غموضها و غير محددة وكما أن القانون متغير و متطور حسب</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المجتمعات في حين أن القوانين الطبيعية ثابتة 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : نظرية الحقوق</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الفردية</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">مفادها أن للفرد حقوقه الطبيعية التي تولد معه و لذا فهي سابقة على</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدولة و على الجماعة نفسها و أن الفرد لا يتنازل عنها بانضمامه على الدولة بل أن</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدولة تنشئ من أجل حمايته و دعم تلك الحقوق و من ثم فهي ثم فهي مقيدة بتلك الحقوق</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التي لا تستطيع المساس بها لأنها تشكل علة وجودها2</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">هذه النظرية مرتبطة بنظرية</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانون الاجتماعي و نظرية التضامن الاجتماعي ومنه فالانتقادات الموجهة لهذه</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">النظرية هي نفس الانتقادات نظرية القانون الطبيعي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">فوزي أوصديق، المرجع السابق ،ص 181 ، 182</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع نفسه، ص55</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الثالث : نظرية التحديد الذاتي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">مفادها بما أن الدول هي من تسن القوانين فخضوعها</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لا يكون خضوعا مطلقا،غير أن الدولة مضطرة من اجل البقاء و من اجل أداء مهامها و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تحقيق العدالة و الأمن و من اجل ضمان طاعة المحكومين لها و بالتالي أن الدولة لا</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تخضع لقيد من القيود إلا إذا كانت نابعة من إرادتها الذاتية و لكن خضوع الشخص</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لإرادته لا تعتبر خضوعا و لا يعقل أن تتقيد الدولة بالقانون بمحض إرادتها طالما كان</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">في وسعها أن تخالفه بمعنى انه يمكن أن تعدل و تلغي أي قانون بإرادتها 1</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الثالث : نظرية التضامن الاجتماعي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">يرى أصحب هذه النظرية و على رأسهم ليون دوجي</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أن الإنسان دائما يبحث إشباع حاجياته ولا يكون ذالك على بالتعاون المشترك وهذا حسب</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">فكرة التضامن بالتشابه ، وهناك فكرة أخرى وهي تضامن بتقسيم العمل أي أن الأفراد</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ليمكن إشباع الحجات إلا عن طريق تبادل الخدمات و بالتالي يولد جزاء اجتماعي إذا ما</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">قامت الدولة بالانحراف عن ذلك و لكن انتقدت هذه النظرية بالتنافس و التنازع و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التناحر في المصالح بين الأفراد . 2</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المطلب الثاني : المبادئ الوضعية التي تقوم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">عليها دولة القانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">نقصد بالمبادئ التي تقوم عليا دولة القانون بالعناصر التي</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">تميز دولة القانون أو ما هي الضمانات لذلك أي التي تضمن خضوع جميع نشطات الدولة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">للقانون و هي كالأتي</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الأول : ضرورة وجود الدستور</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">ضرورة وجود الدستور</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">و هو من أهم الضمانات، ففيه تحدد اختصاص كل</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، المرجع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السابق ،ص 185</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق، ص 74</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">سلطة من</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">السلطات الثلاث و يقيدها و هو المنشأ لها و عليه الالتزام بنصوصه و احترام مبادئه</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثاني : الأخذ بمبدأ تدرج القواعد القانونية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الدستور هو في قمة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الهرم ثم يليها القانون الوضعي ثم اللوائح و القرارات التنظيمية و أخيرا القرارات</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الإدارية الفردية، و يجب اعتماد مبدأ القانون الأدنى لا يتعارض مع القانون الأعلى</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">سواء من حيث الموضوع أو الشكل2</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الثلث : الفصل بين السلطات</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">يعود هذا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المبدأ إلى الفقيه منتسكيو و هذا حيث يرى هذا الأخير أنه على كل سلطه أن تقون</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">بمهامها و لا يكون تداخل في ذلك ولا يكون تجاوز في الاختصاص و المهام الموكلة لها ،</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">أي على السلطة التشريعية سن القوانين و السلطة التنفيذية بتنفيذ تلك القوانين و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الكشف عنها, وأما السلطة القضائية تقوم بتطبيق القوانين على نزاع يعرض</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">امامها3</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الرابع : سيادة القانون</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">و بفرض على الشعب المكون للدولة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التقيد بالنظام القانوني القائم و وضع ضمانات للمحكومين 4</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الفرع الرابع</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الرقابة القضائية على الأعمال الإدارية</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">العمل على أن يق القضاء ضد أي تعسف من</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الإدارة لأن الرقابة القضائية اكثر فعالية من أي رقابة أخى 5</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /><br />1<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">فوزي أوصديق، المرجع السابق ،ص 187</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار، المرجع السابق، ص</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>76<br />3<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : د. فوزي أوصديق، المرجع السابق ،ص 187</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br />4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : أ. حسين بوديار،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المرجع السابق، و الصفحة نفسها</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />5<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أنظر : المرجع السابق، ص</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>77<br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">الخاتمة</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">فكل دولة تتميز عن غيرها و ذلك بخاصية الشخصية المعنوية لها ،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">و هي أساس مباشر ة الدولة لنشاطها كوحدة قانونية لها ذمة مالية مستقلة عن الأفراد</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">المكونين لها سواء كانوا حكام أو محكومين ، ز كذلك تتميز الدولة بخاصية السيادة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">التي تمكنها من فرض إرادتها في الداخل و الخارج ، زد على دلك خضوع الدولة للقانون و</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">لسيادته و لا لإرادة الحاكم كما كان عيه الشعوب القديمة ، فكل من هذه الخصائص لبديل</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">عنها لقيام دولة</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">القانون</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">.<br /><br /></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">المراجع</span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br />1.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">د. سعد</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الله عمر ، د. بن ناصر أحمد ، قانون المجتمع الدولي المعاصر، الطبعة الثالثة 2005،</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">ديوان المطبوعات الجامعية، الجزائر</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />2.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">د. بوالشعير سعيد ، القانون الدستوري</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">و النظم السياسية المقارنة الجزء الأول ، الطبعة السابعة 2005، ديوان المطبوعات</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الجامعية، الجزائر</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />3.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">د. أوصديق فوزي ، الوسيط في النظم السياسية القانون</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الدستوري القسم الأول النظرية العامة للدولة، طبعة 2000، دار الكتاب الحديث،</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">الجزائر</span></span><span lang="EN" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />4.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">أ. بوديار حسين ، الوجيز في القانون الدستوري، طبعة 2003، دار</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: right; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span dir="RTL">العلوم للنشر و التوزيع، عنابة الجزائر</span></span></div>

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